Arquivos de Asma, Alergia e Imunologia
https://aaai-asbai.org.br/article/doi/10.5935/2526-5393.20180005
Arquivos de Asma, Alergia e Imunologia
Artigo Especial

Consenso Brasileiro sobre Alergia Alimentar: 2018 - Parte 2 - Diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção. Documento conjunto elaborado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria e Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia

Brazilian Consensus on Food Allergy: 2018 - Part 2 - Diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Joint position paper of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics and the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology

Dirceu Solé; Luciana Rodrigues Silva; Renata Rodrigues Cocco; Cristina Targa Ferreira; Roseli Oselka Sarni; Lucila Camargo Oliveira; Antonio Carlos Pastorino; Virgínia Weffort; Mauro Batista Morais; Bruno Paes Barreto; José Carlison Oliveira; Ana Paula Moschione Castro; Jackeline Motta Franco; Herberto José Chong Neto; Nelson Augusto Rosário; Maria Luisa Oliva Alonso; Emanuel Cavalcanti Sarinho; Ariana Yang; Hélcio Maranhão; Mauro Sérgio Toporovski; Matias Epifanio; Neusa Falbo Wandalsen; Norma Motta Rubini

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Resumo

Na última década o conhecimento sobre a etiopatogenia da alergia alimentar (AA) avançou muito. A identificação de novas formas clínicas de apresentação, aliada à aquisição de novos métodos laboratoriais, possibilitaram a realização do diagnóstico etiológico de modo mais preciso, sobretudo quanto à reatividade cruzada entre alimentos e mesmo na identificação de marcadores indicativos de formas clínicas transitórias, persistentes e quadros mais graves. A padronização dos testes de provocação oral permitiu a sua realização de forma mais segura e possibilitou a sua inclusão entre as ferramentas disponíveis para uso na confirmação etiológica da AA. Apesar disso, a exclusão do alimento responsável pelas manifestações clínicas continua sendo a principal conduta terapêutica a ser empregada. Entre os pacientes alérgicos às proteínas do leite de vaca, a disponibilidade de fórmulas especiais, por exemplo parcialmente hidrolisadas, extensamente hidrolisadas à base da proteína do leite de vaca e fórmulas de aminoácidos, tem facilitado o tratamento substitutivo do leite de vaca para esses pacientes. A abordagem atual da anafilaxia é revisada, uma vez que os alimentos são os principais agentes etiológicos em crianças. Avanços na conduta de algumas manifestações gastrintestinais também são abordados. Na atualidade, a imunoterapia oral tem sido cada vez mais utilizada. A aquisição de novos agentes, os imunobiológicos, também são apresentados à luz das evidências científicas e clínicas atuais. Considerações sobre história natural da AA, assim como sobre formas de prevenção da AA também são abordadas. Em conclusão, o Consenso Brasileiro sobre Alergia Alimentar de 2018 objetivou rever os métodos diagnósticos e esquemas de tratamento disponíveis e empregados no acompanhamento de pacientes com AA, visando a melhor abordagem terapêutica desses pacientes.

Palavras-chave

Hipersensibilidade alimentar, testes cutâneos, imunoglobulinas, imunoterapia sublingual, diagnóstico.

Abstract

Over the last decade, knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of food allergy (FA) has advanced a great deal. The identification of new clinical presentations, associated with the acquisition of new laboratory methods, have made the diagnostic process more accurate, especially with regard to cross-reactivity between foods and the identification of biomarkers suggestive of transitory, persistent clinical forms and/or more severe manifestations. The standardization of oral provocation tests has made their performance safer and has allowed their inclusion among the tools available for use in the etiological confirmation of FA. Despite this, exclusion of the food involved in the clinical manifestations remains as the main therapeutic strategy. Among patients allergic to cow’s milk proteins, the availability of special formulas, e.g., partially hydrolyzed and extensively hydrolyzed cow’s milk protein-based formulas, in addition to amino acid formulas, has facilitated the introduction of substitute formulas for these patients. The current approach to anaphylaxis is reviewed, since food is the major etiological agent in children. Advances in the management of some gastrointestinal manifestations are also addressed. Currently, oral immunotherapy has been increasingly used. The acquisition of new agents, namely, immunobiological agents, is also described in light of current scientific and clinical evidence. Considerations on the natural history of FA, as well as on ways how to prevent FA, are addressed. In conclusion, the 2018 Brazilian Consensus on Food Allergy aimed to review the diagnostic methods and treatment schemes available and used in the follow-up of patients with FA, with a view to adopting the best possible therapeutic approach to these patients.

Keywords

Food hypersensitivity, skin tests, immunoglobulins, sublingual immunotherapy, diagnosis.

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