Epigenética da asma: revisão
Epigenetics of asthma: a review
Ataualpa P. Reis
Resumo
O tratamento atual da asma permite controlar os sintomas, mas não modifica a sua história natural. Mecanismos epigenéticos aumentaram muito nosso conhecimento do início e progressão da asma, e novas estratégias de tratamento serão desenvolvidas para esta geração e para prevenção de asma de gerações futuras. O campo certamente avançou muito nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma revisão de estudos experimentais e clínicos publicados nos últimos anos. As fontes de dados incluiram artigos originais, revisões e publicações concernentes indexados nos bancos de dados PubMed, MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO e publicações on line nos últimos 20 anos. Os resultados da presente revisão mostraram que marcadores epigenéticos (metilação do DNA, modificações das histonas e síntese de RNAs não codificadores) trabalham em concerto com outros componentes do mecanismo regulador celular para controlar a expressão de genes. Alterações nestes marcadores epigenéticos estão associadas com exposições relevantes para a asma, particularmente dieta, poluição atmosférica, endotoxinas, alérgenos ambientais e fumaça de cigarro, assim como com fenótipos de asma. Por outro lado, estudos estão começando a decifrar o papel da regulação epigenética da expressão dos genes associados ao desenvolvimento de asma alérgica. Em conclusão, avanços tecnológicos recentes têm tornado possível o estudo de marcadores epigenéticos nos pulmões, e está sendo antecipado que este conhecimento vai melhorar a compreensão da biologia dinâmica nos pulmões e que levará ao desenvolvimento de novos meios de diagnóstico e tratamento para pacientes com asma.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
Current asthma treatment allows to control symptoms but does not modify the natural history of the disease. Epigenetic mechanisms have significantly increased our understanding of the initiation and progression of asthma, and new treatment strategies will be developed for today’s generation and ultimately for the prevention of asthma in future generations. Research in the field has certainly advanced significantly in the past few years. The objective of this study was to review experimental and clinical studies that have been published in the last years. Original articles, reviews and related texts published over the past 20 years were retrieved from PubMed, MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO databases and other online publications. The results of the present review showed that epigenetic markers (DNA methylation, modification of histone tails, and synthesis of noncoding RNAs) work in concert with other components of the cellular regulatory machinery to control the expression of genes. Changes in these epigenetic markers have been associated with exposures relevant to asthma, particularly diet, air pollution, endotoxins, environmental allergens and tobacco smoke, in addition to asthma phenotypes. Conversely, studies are beginning to decipher the role of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the development of allergic asthma. In conclusion, recent technological advances have made it possible to study epigenetic markers in the lung, and it is anticipated that this knowledge will enhance our understanding of dynamic biology in the lung and lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for patients with asthma.
Keywords
Referências
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Submetido em:
19/03/2014
Aceito em:
20/06/2016
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