Aspectos práticos no diagnóstico e manejo das reações de hipersensibilidade a fármacos
Practical aspects in the diagnosis and management of drug hypersensitivity reactions
Ullissis P. Menezes; Daniel L. Cordeiro; Janaina Michelle L. Melo
Resumo
As reações de hipersensibilidade a fármacos (RHF) podem ser de natureza alérgica ou não alérgica, e correspondem a aproximadamente 15% de todas as reações adversas a fármacos (RAF). As reações alérgicas são mediadas por mecanismo imune, não previsíveis, podendo ser graves e até mesmo fatais, ou requererem internações hospitalares prolongadas. Erros na classificação das RHF ocorrem com frequência, principalmente quando o diagnóstico é baseado apenas na história clínica (superdiagnóstico) ou quando as reações não são documentadas de maneira apropriada (subdiagnóstico). O diagnóstico inadequado pode levar à exclusão desnecessária, com diminuição das opções terapêuticas, e ao uso de fármacos alternativos ineficazes e/ou de custo elevado. Os grupos de fármacos mais comumente envolvidos em reações de hipersensibilidade são os betalactâmicos e os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs). Consensos atuais preconizam uma investigação diagnóstica sistematizada das RHF através da realização de testes cutâneos, laboratoriais e testes de provocação, direcionados por uma história clínica detalhada. O objetivo do presente estudo é abordar aspectos práticos do diagnóstico e manejo das reações de hipersensibilidade a fármacos, com ênfase aos betalactâmicos e AINEs, de acordo com os estudos e consensos atuais.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) may be classified as allergic or non-allergic, and they correspond to approximately 15% of all adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Allergic reactions are non-predictable and mediated by immune mechanisms; they may be severe and even lifethreatening, or may require prolonged hospitalization. Misclassification of DHRs is frequent, especially when diagnosis is based only on medical history (overdiagnosis), or when reactions are not properly documented (underdiagnosis). An incorrect diagnosis may lead to unnecessary exclusion of drugs, reducing treatment options, as well as to the use of alternative ineffective and/or expensive medications. Beta-lactam and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the groups most commonly involved in DHRs. Current guidelines recommend a systematic diagnostic investigation of DHRs using skin, laboratory, and provocations tests, guided by a detailed medical history. The aim of this study was to address practical aspects of the diagnosis and management of DHRs, with a focus on beta-lactam and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, according to current studies and consensuses.
Keywords
References
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Submitted date:
05/12/2015
Accepted date:
05/16/2015
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