Deficiência específica de anticorpo antipolissacarídeo de pneumococo e resposta humoral a vacinas pneumocócicas: atualização em diagnóstico
Specific anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody deficiency and humoral response to pneumococcal vaccines: uptdate on diagnosis
Bruno Acatauassú Paes Barreto; Emanuel Sávio Cavalcanti Sarinho; Germana Pimentel Stefani; Herberto José Chong Neto; Joseane Chiabai; Maria Luiza Oliva Alonso; Neusa Falbo Wandalsen; Victor Nudelman
Resumo
A deficiência específica de anticorpo antipolissacarídeo de pneumococo é o comprometimento da resposta IgG específica aos antígenos polissacarídeos do pneumococo e manifesta-se de maneira semelhante às outras deficiências de imunoglobulinas, com infecções recorrentes do trato respiratório. A prevalência é variável, entre 7 a 19%, representando no Brasil 8,7% dos casos de imunodeficiências. O diagnóstico funcional baseia-se na capacidade do organismo montar uma resposta imune constituída pela produção de anticorpos quando estimulado por antígenos polissacarídeos presentes na vacina pneumocócica polissacarídea pura. No estudo da resposta à vacina pneumocócica polissacarídea pura é necessário testar os sorotipos não comuns à vacina polissacarídea conjugada para determinar a resposta de anticorpos antipolissacarídeos sem a interferência de anticorpos antiproteínas advindos da vacina polissacarídea conjugada. São reconhecidos quatro diferentes fenótipos da doença, denominados memória, leve, moderada e grave. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar revisão da literatura para verificar a epidemiologia, diagnóstico e fenótipos da deficiência específica de anticorpo antipolissacarídeo de pneumococo. Trata-se de revisão narrativa de artigos nos últimos 10 anos sobre a deficiência de anticorpo específica para o pneumococo. Concluímos que a deficiência específica de anticorpo antipolissacarídeo de pneumococo é frequente, com espectro laboratorial variável.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
Specific anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody deficiency is characterized by impairment of specific IgG response to pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens. Its clinical manifestation is similar to other immunoglobulin deficiencies, with recurrent infections of the respiratory tract. Prevalence is variable, ranging from 7 to 19%; in Brazil, it accounts for 8.7% of cases of immunodeficiencies. Diagnosis is based on the body’s functional ability to mount an immune response including the production of antibodies after stimulation by polysaccharide antigens present in the pure pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. When studying responses to this vaccine, it is necessary to test serotypes other than those present in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, in order to determine the response of anti-polysaccharide antibodies not influenced by antiprotein antibodies originating from the conjugate vaccine. Four different phenotypes of the disease are known: memory, mild, moderate, and severe. The objective of the present study was to review the literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and phenotypes of specific antipolysaccharide antibody deficiency. This narrative review includes papers published in the past 10 years on specific anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody deficiency. We conclude that the condition is common, with a variable spectrum of laboratory findings.
Keywords
Referências
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Submetido em:
05/11/2013
Aceito em:
18/05/2014
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