Fatores de risco associados à rinite alérgica e à asma em crianças
Risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis and asthma in children
Sílvia Paschoalini Azalim; Antonio Leite Alves Radicchi; Paulo Augusto Moreira Camargos; José Dirceu Ribeiro; Eliane Dias Gontijo
Resumo
O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados de estudos sobre os fatores de risco intradomicilares e extradomiciliares associados à rinite alérgica e/ou a asma em crianças e adolescentes. Utilizaram-se bancos de dados eletrônicos do MEDLINE, LILACS e do HIGHWIRE e busca direta para a seleção de artigos publicados entre 1990 e 2011. Os fatores intradomiciliares associados à prevalência de rinite alérgica e asma foram o tabagismo materno durante a gestação (valores médios de OR em torno de 1,8), tabagismo passivo (OR em torno de 1,6) e a presença de mofo visível nas paredes das residências (OR em torno de 1,3). Resultados contraditórios foram encontrados quanto à associação dos poluentes ambientais, PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 e CO, pois o OR variou de 0,7 a 1,3. Como a exposição a poluentes ambientais mostrou-se contraditória com as doenças estudadas, parece prudente a adoção de medidas de controle ambiental direcionadas principalmente para a cessação do tabagismo materno durante a gestação e redução da exposição ao mofo nas residências. Outros estudos são necessários para se estabelecer o papel de outros aeroalérgenos e dos poluentes ambientais na prevalência da rinite alérgica e da asma.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review studies assessing indoor and outdoor risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma in children and adolescents. Papers published from 1990 to 2011 were searched mainly on MEDLINE, LILACS, and HIGHWIRE databases. Maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR around 1.8), passive smoking (OR around 1.6), and visible mold at home (OR around 1.3) were the main indoor factors related to current allergic rhinitis and asthma prevalence rates. Contradictory results were found for air pollutants PM10, SO2, O3, NO2, and CO, with OR ranging from 0.7 to 1.3. The inconclusive association between air pollution markers and both allergic rhinitis and asthma reinforces the need for environmental control measures focusing especially on maternal smoking and exposure to visible mold at home. Further studies are needed to establish the role of other aeroallergens and air pollutants on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma.
Keywords
Referências
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Submetido em:
03/06/2012
Aceito em:
19/03/2013
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